Thursday, September 11, 2014

Apple Pay and Android payment eco-systems


It is important to understand what tokenization means in the context of the introduction by Apple on Tuesday.  The word "tokenization" can sound very general, complex, and unknown the way it is being used in payments today.  I think many use the term without really understanding the important details of the concept.  I sort of relate it to when i pick up my 4 year old daughter from sunday school class, I will ask her what she learned, and she knows that if she answers "God", that she is right.

So the point of this blog is to try to understand what tokens are, and how they are used to solve something in payments.  The mis-understood rule of tokens is that people think they change from transaction to transaction, but in reality the cryptogram changes but the token properties (tPAN and tUDK) don't:
  • A token may be created once for the life of a credential (card).  

This is easiest to understand with the Apple Pay use case.  The secure element on the phone is programmed at the factory when the iPhone is built to support many different card standards.  At the time when the token data needs to get programmed into the device, Apple requests a token for that device from the card networks.  The networks need to keep track of the token because they need to know how to translate that token into iTunes identity for processing the iTunes selected card during transactions with the payment acceptor.

But the important piece is that this token is a static identifier for the life of the card that was programmed.

A diagram describing this process for iPhone is here:   


Because Android is not a vertically owned stack similar to apple, it is really hard to distinguish who owns the SIM, or SE, or UICC that is on the particular phone.  Because of the ownership argument over the last few years, the idea of HCE was launched to push the ownership of the SE to the cloud so that it could be leveraged on any Android phone from the cloud.  But the important concept that has gotten lost with the Apple announcement is that the concept of "tokenization"  as Apple Pay uses is still the exact plan for tokenization in the android space.  With HCE enabled, however, the equivalent of the one time token "Apple ID" that lives in the iPhone SE, is actually located virtually in the cloud with a bank, or third party vendor like SimplyTapp:



======================AND STOP===================

THE TOKEN HAS NOW BEEN CREATED!!
THE TOKEN REQUESTER CAN USE THIS TOKEN FOR
ALL TRANSACTIONS ON THAT CARD GOING FORWARD
WITHOUT REQUESTING ANOTHER TOKEN FROM THE SERVICE
AGAIN FOR THE LIFE OF THAT CARD IT REPRESENTS

THIS CAN BE TREATED ON PAR WITH TYPICAL PLASTIC CARD
PERSONALIZATION SERVICES TODAY

ONLY WHEN THE TOKEN IS ACQUIRED BY THE MERCHANT
DOES THE NETWORK NEED TO VERIFY THE TOKEN AND ALSO
TRANSLATE THE TOKEN BACK TO THE CARD IT REPRESENTS
SO THAT THE BANK CAN PROCESS IT FOR APPROVAL AS
USUAL

SO ONE TOKEN AND RELATED DATA CAN BE USED FOR
MULTIPLE TRANSACTIONS

==================================================
ok, i think i'm done hammering that characteristic of a token. :)

Another very important thing to understand about transactions using tokens is to understand that the data format of a tokenized transaction is EXACTLY the same as the data format of a non-tokenized transaction from the Point of Sale perspective.  The same basic elements exist and are exchanged from the phone to the POS:
non-tokenized:
1) Personal Account Number
2)  Expiration Date
3)  Service Code
4)  Issuer Discretionary Data
5)  Cryptogram

tokenized:
1) Tokenized Personal Account Number
2)  Expiration Date
3)  Service Code
4)  Issuer Discretionary Data
5)  Cryptogram

because the data format that is exchanged between the phone and the POS is identical in both cases, the tokenized version still has the ability to include dynamic transactional data by using a Cryptogram to do so (adding the "one time number for each transaction" that Tim Cook preached about)

Keep in mind for cryptogram creation and cryptogram validation, there does not need to be a run-time link between the validator and the tokenized card (this is obvious by the apple deployment of a hardened secure element on the phone).

So understanding how tokenized or non-tokenized cryptograms are created and validated is important.  By the way,  the algorithm is identical for tokenized or non-tokenized.  The "tokenized" part of the features is actually out of the scope of cryptogram calculation / validation.

Cryptogram creation requirements:
1) card creation time, the token issuer authority (card network) contains an issuer master key for a "tokenized" BIN.  The master key for the "tokenized" bin is used to create a "tokenized" Unique Derived Key (tUDK) and "tokenized" Personal Account Number (tPAN) for each "tokenized" card when a Token Requestor requests a token on behalf of a card issuer.

2) Also at card creation time, this new "tokenized" UDK and "tokenized" PAN are delivered back to the Token Requestor

3) Now from a token requestor perspective, it is business as usual for tokenized card personalization.  This data is injected to the tokenized card just like a non-tokenized card.

4) A LUK is created PRIOR to transaction time:
   a)  Tokenized UDK in the card + ATC used to create the tokenized LUK (AKA Session Key, or one time use key)
   b) this LUK can be exposed to the mobile device (in apple case, the calculation of the LUK or similar key can be created inside the SE of the mobile device)

5) At transaction time, the cryptogram is created:
   a)  Tokenized LUK + terminal UN (POS data) used to create final cryptogram returned to the POS for processing

Have a look at how the Apple Pay system works during payment time:


And obviously, the mirror transactional sequence for the Android environment:

You will notice that the net result from the reader perspective is identical in both cases; "Tokenized Data" as described above.  The Android app and cloud based secure element, however, must work together throughout the life of the app on the phone to produce this result.


What tokens solve!:

Legacy Processing:  The main thing, in my eyes, that tokenization solves is the backend processing changes.  The HCE side of the equation requires, for some card networks, new Cryptogram calculation specifications to be processed because the cryptogram calculation process is forced to be changed.  i.e. intro to CVN 43!

Believe it or not, this is probably the biggest driver for tokenization because it is faster to build the tokenization engine and allow it to validate and convert the new cryptogram to an older version than it is to go into the old old old old (say it one more time...old) processing houses that are running Commodor 64, pascal, and big tape drives and get them to update the cryptographic algorithms on the HSM.  So, both VISA and mastercard can just as easy validate the CVN 43 CBP cryptogram just before the service de-tokenizes it.

Firewalling Transactions:  When a token is created, it is implied that the tokenization engine will always have to de-tokenize prior to processing the transaction,  with that, obviously coves verification of the token.  This is a perfect opportunity to build in transaction processing rules for that token such as:
1)  Card present only transactions (this token must ALWAYS contain a cryptogram with it)
2)  Use this token at ONLY these particular merchant IDs
3)  This token is ONLY valid for transactions within a 90 day period!

Translating to Card On File:  Major wins for Apple, Google, Amazon, and anyone else who has scores of cards on file buried in their datacenter.  Not only does tokenization allow you to translate to an existing bank account.  As displayed by Apple, it also allows you to translate a token to an account that may then represent one of many Cards On File for a particular google, amazon, or apple account.  Potentially this allows lower than Card Not Present rates for internet based transactions.

323 comments:

  1. So that means Apple only use the same token for transactions , so no need an internet connection to make payment at anytime ?
    In Android , by your post we can see, it might need to replenish tokens from token provider when tokens are finished in the device.

    ReplyDelete
  2. that is correct. because the UDK is stored in the SE, there is no need for a network connection to create more cryptograms. for Android, the UDK is cloud, so, from time to time, there may need to be network connectivity to get new LUK keys to make cryptograms on the mobile device.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Thank you for your reply Dough , it answered the question.

    ReplyDelete
  4. Great post doug.. But in android ecosystem does token and UDK provisioned every time then? Which means same token cannot be used for multiple transactions??

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. token and UDK is provisioned only once, jus tike in apple ecosystem. only difference is WHERE it is provisioned. in android, it should get provisioned to the cloud system (this is what simplytapp does). master card calls this a CMS or credential management system. then the CMS is responsible for dispatching individual transactional data to the phone prior to tapping. these are called LUK or SUK derived from the UDK

      Delete
  5. Thanks Doug for a the very clear explanation.
    This is really interesting stuff!
    but how do you build the LUK so that it can calculate the cryptogram without the UDK?

    ReplyDelete
  6. Great q. The luk is created from atc and udk. The later the luk can be used independently to create the cryptogram from terminal un.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Hi. I don't understand something... At the payment process, who has to make the relation between Token-PAN? I mean, are the banks systems affected? I don't know if the bank has to modify their systems to process the apple pay payments, to translate that token to the PAN number, or are the networks (VISA, MasterCard, AMEX) who made that translation?

    ReplyDelete
  8. networks for now. think of it as a lookup table. or SQL query. it hits the network router or standin service and they do SELECT PAN FROM TOKEN_TABLE WHERE SPAN=?; and replace the SPAN with the real PAN and allow the ISO-8583 packet to continue up the stream for processing. they actually do more than that because they also know that issuers do not have the capability to process EMV or new CBP cryptograms. so they can "reverse convert" cryptograms after authentication to one that bank processing systems can understand or in some cases just mag data.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Hi Doug,

    I found all very interesting and useful.
    I have a question anyway.
    IF I understood correctly Apple had to stipulate agreement with retailes (Merchants) to accept Apple Pay; if this is correct, why? I do not see the reason as Apple Pay should work anywhere in any store. correct?

    thanks
    Donato

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. no agreements needed. anywhere that accepts existing NFC transactions is ok

      Delete
  10. I somehow find the ApplePay transaction diagram inaccurate ... I believe when the consumer taps the phone the transaction NFC txn data including token, application cryptogram, criptogram information data, etc is following standard payemtn rail ... i.e. it is submitted first to the processor, which routes it to the applicable payment network operating the Tokenization Service Provider (TSP - which supplied token for the PAN, when card had been added to the wallet). Payment network then de-tokenizes the token back into the PAN via TSP (which also checks the token expiry info, validates cryptogram, etc) and submits the authorization request to the card issuer.

    So the flow is like this in my opinion
    1. consumer taps the phone at POS - execute NFC / EMV txn APDU flow, but the SE element returns token instead of real PAN
    2. POS normally submits to the processor
    3. Processor then uses token BIN to determine routing - routes to the applicable payment network
    4. Payment network recognizes it TSP BIN range, forwards token and related data to the TSP, obtains back PAN in clear
    5. replaces token in the request with PAN and forwards to the issuer

    One the way back inside the response the payment network replaces PAN with token before returning the response to the processor / merchant POS

    ReplyDelete
  11. Hi Doug,
    could you please better explain the "Receive token request parameter" and "you receive my blessing" arrows?
    Thanks
    Roberto

    ReplyDelete
  12. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  13. really awesome article thanks for sharing.......http://www.trainingbangalore.in/informatica-training-in-bangalore.html

    ReplyDelete
  14. Thanks for sharing this its too informative to know about payment difference between android and ios...
    Android Training in bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  15. Thanks Doug for a the very clear explanation. Informatica is such a course that requires learning the technological features of the product. visit our site for more details informatica online training in hyderabad

    ReplyDelete
  16. This helps the clients remember about the pending appointment and provide the customers enough time to reschedule the appointment (if required). If the customer reschedules his/her appointment, you can allot the vacant slot to other customer.
    crack-serials.com/winzip-activation-code-winzip-20-5-free-serial-key

    ReplyDelete
  17. nice posts..
    Hadoop online training in hyderabad.All the basic and get the full knowledge of hadoop.
    hadoop online training in hyderbad

    ReplyDelete
  18. Thanks to given the biggest variation between the android and iphone. Its really amazing to read. Whatever, anybody can learn android and ios training courses through training Bangalore institute

    ReplyDelete
  19. very nice blogs we have to share it useful information
    java training in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  20. Establishing corporate credit is vital to a business's success and develops over time. While it is acceptable to use personal credit to secure the start-up costs of building a business, the need to establish this type of credit will arise at some points. See more company write up

    ReplyDelete
  21. Your topic is completely different. Here, I have learned lots of new things about apple pay and android payment eco-system. Your guide is very easy to understand.
    IOS training in Bangalore | android training in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  22. RONDA ROUSEY was battered by Amanda Nunes in her long-awaited UFC comeback bout - here are some of the best pictures from the fight. Born in Sweden, Hermansson (14-3) looks to bounce back from his first UFC loss, a submission defeat to Cezar Ferreira that snapped .
    UFC 209
    UFC 209 Live Stream , UFC 209 Live
    UFC 209 Fight , UFC 209 Fight Card

    UFC lightweight Marc Diakiese is putting out a strong message of tolerance and acceptance, become the first fighter for the world's largest MMA. CONOR McGREGOR has been pictured with Manchester United star Wayne Rooney as talks of a superfight with Floyd Mayweather rumble on.
    UFC 209
    UFC 209 Live , UFC 209 Fight Card
    UFC 209 Live Stream , UFC 209 Fight

    ReplyDelete
  23. There may be practically a full week March Madness of action before the NCAA tournament announces their field on Selection Weekend. But even though that won't happen until Walk 12, March Madness Live it's simple enough to project the four Little. 1 seeds in Drive Madness.

    The four top seeds should be March Madness Live Stream guarding national champion Villanova, North Carolina, Kansas and Gonzaga. Those four have recently been at the top of the rankings and still have also been the selections of bracketologists March Madness Bracket like ESPN's Paul Lunardi and March Madness 2017 s Jerry Palm, and it might be a surprise if they didn't emerge at the conclusion of the convention tournaments that will be held at throughout the week.

    Villanova (28-3, 15-3 Big East) has put together a sensational season after beating New you are able to in last year's March Madness 2017 Live nationwide title game. Head instructor Jay Wright has retained his foot on the gas pedal, and the Wildcats have continued to produce on a steady most basic. NCAA March Madness

    Villanova is the Little. 1 seed in the Big East tournament 2017 March Madness , and while that league has regularly produced upsets in the conference tournament, it would be somewhat of a shocker if the Wildcats didn't make it to it game. In the event they face second-seeded Retainer, it could be a good game that should go down to the line because Butler has crushed Villanova twice. In case it is any other Big East team, the Wildcats would be a significant favorite.

    ReplyDelete
  24. Arkansas, California, TCU, Ohio Express, Wake Forest,

    Virginia Technology, Texas Tech, Xavier and The south all play video

    games that will either help solidify their at-large berth/seed or make Selection

    Weekend more of an restless

    March Madness
    March Madness Live
    March Madness Live Stream
    March Madness Bracket
    March Madness 2017
    March Madness 2017 Live
    NCAA March Madness
    2017 March Madness
    march madness schedule
    march madness schedule 2017

    ReplyDelete
  25. As the shimmer of March Madness 2017 (NCAA Tournament) becomes a raging fire, we're certain that you intend to sign up with countless people to enjoy the most interesting college basketball event of the year! Right here's just how you could enjoy March Madness 2017 HD 1080p 720p on any one of your gadgets such as apple iphone, iPad, Android, Mac/PC, Apple TELEVISION, etc.
    March Madness

    March Madness Live

    March Madness Live Stream

    March Madness 2017

    March Madness 2017 Live

    ncaa March Madness

    ncaa march madness live

    ncaa tournament

    March Madness Bracket

    ncaa final four

    View March Madness 2017 Live on TELEVISION with Cable
    The most convenient method to capture a total amount of 68 teams consisting of to play basketball games is to see them on a cable TV with NCAA Tournament registration. Networks broadcasting March Madness 2017 like ESPN, AMC, TNT, TBS, Food Network, Sling TV, and Roku TELEVISION will certainly bill $20 each month without any contract.
    March Madness

    March Madness Live

    March Madness Live Stream

    March Madness 2017

    March Madness 2017 Live

    ncaa March Madness

    ncaa march madness live

    ncaa tournament

    March Madness Bracket

    ncaa final four

    After paying, all subscribers can delight in limitless live streaming insurance coverage throughout the whole males's basketball champion 2017 on TV.

    ReplyDelete
  26. As the glimmer of March Madness 2017 (NCAA Tournament) ends up being a surging fire, we're certain that you intend to sign up with numerous people to view the most exciting college basketball occasion of the year! Right here's how you could watch March Madness 2017 HD 1080p 720p on any of your tools such as iPhone, iPad, Android, Mac/PC, Apple TV, etc.
    March Madness

    March Madness Live

    March Madness Live Stream

    March Madness 2017

    March Madness 2017 Live

    ncaa March Madness

    ncaa march madness live

    ncaa tournament

    March Madness Bracket

    ncaa final four

    Enjoy March Madness 2017 Live on TELEVISION with Cable
    The easiest method to capture an overall of 68 groups including to play basketball games is to watch them on a cable television with NCAA Tournament registration. Networks airing March Madness 2017 like ESPN, AMC, TNT, TBS, Food Network, Sling TV, and also Roku TELEVISION will certainly bill $20 per month without contract.
    March Madness

    March Madness Live

    March Madness Live Stream

    March Madness 2017

    March Madness 2017 Live

    ncaa March Madness

    ncaa march madness live

    ncaa tournament

    March Madness Bracket

    ncaa final four

    After paying, all clients can delight in unrestricted live streaming insurance coverage throughout the entire men's basketball champion 2017 on TV.

    ReplyDelete
  27. From this post we can able to know many things about android application and It gives lot of ideas to develop an app to become a android developer.
    android training in marathahalli

    ReplyDelete
  28. This is a great inspiring article.I am pretty much pleased with your good work. You put really very helpful information. Keep it up. Keep blogging. Looking to reading your next post fashion handbags uk

    ReplyDelete
  29. This article comes with amazing concept. Thanks for showing the latest technology of android and apple. I would like to share this information on my facebook wall with great pleasure.

    Training in Bangalore | IOS training in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  30. The Kentucky Derby 2017 will be the 143rd running of the Kentucky Derby, and is set for Saturday, May 6, 2017.
    Javier Castellano is arguably the best jockey in racing right now.
    Except, that is, at the Kentucky Derby 2017.

    It is a baffling fact: The top rider in the game -- he's won the Eclipse Award as the sport's best in each of the last four years -- has the worst record of any jockey ever to ride in the Kentucky Derby. And even with all his accomplishments, when the Run for the Roses draws near the most glaring omission from his resume starts gnawing at him.

    This is the one he wants, more than anything else.
    "To win this Kentucky Derby Live race, it would mean a lot," Castellano said. He paused for a moment, looked up and quietly continued his thought: "A lot," he said again.

    ReplyDelete
  31. Prior to the 101st running of the Indianapolis 500 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on May 28, the top drivers in the IndyCar Series will vie to start on pole during Sunday's qualifying. Saturday's first round of IndyCar qualifying decided the Fast 9, and those drivers will have an opportunity to claim the No. 1 starting position after spots No. 10 through No. 33 get decided earlier in the day. More Details Cick Here: Indy 500 Live

    ReplyDelete
  32. The United States Golf Association (USGA) has announced sectional qualifying sites for the 117th US Open 2017 Championship, which will be held at Erin Hills, in Erin, Wis., on June 15-18. Erin Hills is hosting its first U.S. Open and third USGA championship.



    Sectional qualifying, conducted over 36 holes, will be held on Monday, June 5, at 10 sites in the U.S. For the 13th consecutive year, Japan and England will host international sectional qualifying, scheduled for May 22 and May 29, respectively.

    ReplyDelete
  33. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Best article i have ever readed.
    But here i have some recommentation for you if

    you guys are looking for a job.
    I was a BCA graduate with no expirence and i

    have been trying to find an institution for

    doing some course.
    I was blank about which course i should take and

    i finaly know Bigdata hadoop has got better job

    oppertunitys nowadays.
    So i searched all over the internet about

    bigdata hadoop courses in bangalore and i finaly

    ended up in a webiste called

    Hadoop training institutes in bangalore
    What you want to do is just visit the website

    and put an enquiry. They will contact you and

    you can fix a free class.
    You can attend free class and if satisfied only

    u join.
    To be frank, I joined in this instituion for

    hadoop training course and i got placement from

    thi company itself.
    Im not a promoter or i dont have any relation

    with this company.
    I personaly expirenced the service of people-

    click and im proud to promote them.They offer

    what they say. 100% pakka.. good facultys.. Good

    environmnet,Free classes
    Hadoop courses in bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  35. Photoshop 7.0 free download.1 update fixes a number of problems discovered after Photoshop 7.0 was released. The most significant fixes in the 7.0.1 release

    ReplyDelete
  36. The two famous boxers Floyd Mayweather vs Conor Mcgregor have given their consent to play a friendly boxing match on 26 in Las Vegas. The fight is considered to become the highest grossing event the history of any sport. The match was expected on Wednesday evening with a McGregor chirp up “The Fight is on”, moments at first Mayweather posted an uplift video on his Instagram page, towards with the caption “It’s Official”.

    Floyd Mayweather vs Conor Mcgregor
    Mcgregor vs Mayweather
    Mayweather vs McGregor
    Mcgregor Mayweather
    Mayweather McGregor
    mayweather mcgregor fight
    mayweather mcgregor live
    mayweather mcgregor Boxing
    mayweather mcgregor PPV

    ReplyDelete
  37. The best free iphone apps 616 apps on my phone. Time to put it on a diet again. It seems like the good apps just keep getting better, and people are continually finding ..

    ReplyDelete
  38. There are now hundreds of thousands of apps available for
    The Best free iphone apps in your iphone and, surprisingly, many of the best are free. And the following is an ...

    ReplyDelete
  39. Search The Best Apps Free. Visit & Look Up Quick Results Now!
    Learn More · Quick & Easy Answers · Find Relevant Information · Search & Find Now
    Types: Business, Health, Travel https://www.usgbc.org/people/micle-jon/0011190111

    ReplyDelete
  40. See movies now showing at SPI Cinemas, buy movie tickets online for Tamil, English, Top Hindi Movies 2017.

    ReplyDelete
  41. Results 1 - 48 of 236577 - Minion Case/Cover Apple iPhone 5 5s SE 5C 6 6S 7 Plus ... Buy it now .... Apple iPhone buy iphone 6s cases
    Silicone Case Ultra Slim Great Handling .

    ReplyDelete
  42. buy Rose gold iphone 7 plus The Apple iPhone 7 Plus features a 5.5-inch Retina HD display that delivers a crisp and clear visual output. It runs on iOS 10 that takes care of all its functions.

    ReplyDelete
  43. Apple iPhone 7 Plus 32GB Rose Gold (Trusted Seller) (Unlocked) (Fast Shipping) · $649. Good. Qty: 3. Approved PayPal Verified. 128 GB. Jet Black. 1 2 3 4 5
    buy Rose gold iphone 7 plus

    ReplyDelete
  44. Apple iPhone 7 Plus price in India starts from Rs.57790. Check Apple iPhone 7 Plus Specifications, Reviews, Features and Images. Buy Apple iPhone 7 Plus buy Rose gold iphone 7 plus

    ReplyDelete
  45. Social media networks, including Pinterest, Twitter, and Facebook, have sparked an animated GIF renaissance. More than a few online
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on9nH_7ilTg&t=4s

    ReplyDelete
  46. Thanks to differentiate here about mobile payment eco system for android and iPhone. These mobile users can get lots benefits when they read this post. android projects for students

    ReplyDelete
  47. Adobe has released an update to Use Photoshop Actions In CS6 (version 13. an Action instead of an Actions Set, the “Save Actions” option will be grayed out.

    ReplyDelete
  48. Excellent Post, Interesting Article.Indias Fastest Local Search Engine, you can Search Anything, From anywhere at any time CALL360

    ReplyDelete
  49. The best method of resizing and compressing images is by using Photoshop. If you do not have Photoshop on your computer, How To Resize An Image In Photoshop locate the following programs on ...

    ReplyDelete
  50. Free Download https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7dLFZv9NsM Full Version Setup Cnet ->>->>->> http://bit.ly/2uKiJo6 top 50 cracked minecraft servers [b]serial number idm 6.12 beta full ...

    ReplyDelete
  51. Photoshop CS6 Download update, free and safe download. Adobe Photoshop CS6 update latest version: Free patch for those with Photoshop already installed. Photoshop has been the industry leading image editing suite for years

    ReplyDelete
  52. Christmas Wishes For Girlfriend. “Did you know that I'm the luckiest guy in the world? 'coz I'm with an awesome girl that every guy could ever wish for. Merry Christmas Baby!” “I don't want any other guys talking to you. Yes I may be selfish, but that's just because I love you and I'm jealous of seeing ..

    ReplyDelete
  53. Watch Now!Insidious The Last Key watch online: The Last Key (2017) Online Free Full Movie, 8 Movies to Watch After You See 'Insidious: The Last Key ' Film, Full. Watch Insidious: The Last Key (2017) Movie Online. Insidious: The Last Key Full Movie, Insidious: The Last Key 2017 Full Movie Free Streaming Online with

    ReplyDelete
  54. Find the best new iPhone apps 2018 for your iPhone. We round up the best iPhone apps by category and help you find free apps to download.

    ReplyDelete
  55. I am going to share the Adobe photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit. Here is the link to download. No Surveys... REQUIREMENTS. Intel® Pentium® 4 or AMD Athlon® 64 processor; Microsoft® Windows® XP with Service Pack 3 or Microsoft Windows 7 with Service Pack 1. Adobe® Creative Suite® 5.5 and CS6 applications also ...

    ReplyDelete
  56. finest.se/.../photoshop-at-home-how-to-be-professional-in-photoshop-pdf-download/
    Nov 28, 2017 - Michelle Kane Photoshop Actions Professional Results … Michelle Kane Photoshop Actions give photographers powerful and easy-to-use tools to create professional results, while speeding up their editing workflow. Adobe Photoshop CS6 Serial Number Crack Download Adobe Photoshop CS6 Serial ...


    Adobe photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    Free download photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    full download photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    Latest download photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    Full free download photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    Download full version photoshop cs6 serial number 64 bit

    ReplyDelete
  57. thanks for your sharing now i clearly understands behind Process of mobile payments its highly useful for my android app development coursethank a lot. https://elysiumacademy.org/android-app-development-course/

    ReplyDelete
  58. Watch American Ninja 4: The Annihilation (1990) online free full movie Putlocker and Download in HD quality. In this sequel, CIA operative Sean Davidson (David Bradley) must foil the deadly scheme of Mulgrew (James Booth), a former British soldier who's out to destroy the U.S. Working with an Arab ...

    Annihilation watch full movie online

    ReplyDelete
  59. La película de Paramount Pictures, que se estrenará el próximo mes de febrero de 2018, basado Annihilation watch 2018 en la exitosa trilogía Southern Reach de Jeff VanderMeer, Annihilation está protagonizada por Natalie Portman, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Gina Rodríguez, Tessa Thompson, Tuva Novotny y Oscar Isaac.

    ReplyDelete
  60. This is exactly what I was searching for. Awesome post. Thanks a bunch. Helped me in taking the class for my students. Wish to follow your posts, keep writing! God Bless!

    Selenium training in HRBR Layout
    Best Selenium Training in Kalyan Nagar
    Best Selenium Training Institue in HRBR Layout Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  61. Thank you for sharing post I just want to say that all the information you have given here is awesome
    tableau training courses

    ReplyDelete
  62. This online business "transaction" isn't necessary a purchase, it could be having your prospect print out a coupon to come to your real-world location.
    https://edkentmedia.com/ppc-management-toronto/

    ReplyDelete
  63. I believe there are many more pleasurable opportunities ahead for individuals that looked at your site. Best AWS Training in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  64. Really simple explanation and understandable concepts.Thank you so much for posting this informative article. best aws training in chennai | aws course fees details

    ReplyDelete

  65. This was an nice and amazing and the given contents were very useful and the precision has given here is good.
    Hadoop Training Institute in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  66. Quite helpful!Thanks for sharing the information.Keep updating good stuff...
    sap abap online training

    ReplyDelete
  67. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  68. Fantastic blog post! This is so informative. android and iPhone mobile users can get lots benefits when they read this post.Thanks for sharing it. Best ios, android, iPhone app development company

    ReplyDelete
  69. This was an nice and amazing and the given contents were very useful and the precision has given here is good.hadoop training in bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  70. Thanks for the good words! Really appreciated. Great post. I’ve been commenting a lot on a few blogs recently, but I hadn’t thought about my approach until you brought it up. 

    Data Science Training in Chennai
    Data science training in bangalore
    Data science online training
    Data science training in pune
    Data science training in kalyan nagar

    ReplyDelete
  71. rpa training institute in noida

    Blockchain training institute in Noida

    dotnet training in noida

    WEBTRACKKER TECHNOLOGY (P) LTD.
    C - 67, sector- 63, Noida, India.
    F -1 Sector 3 (Near Sector 16 metro station) Noida, India.
    +91 - 8802820025
    0120-433-0760

    ReplyDelete
  72. http://www.greghoustoncomedy.com/2016/05/steph-tolev-up-close-n-gross.html?showComment=1537624374781#c7986002677319952472

    And that is if Jedrzejczyk reversed the script and asked the reporter to measure to the podium. What happened next will make you cringe.

    See it unfold from the media above.UFC 229 Live

    ReplyDelete
  73. Significant changes include state money transmitter license requirements, as well as requirements surrounding registration with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). https://bitcoinvest.cc

    ReplyDelete
  74. It’s great to come across a blog every once in a while, that isn’t the same out of date rehashed material. Fantastic read.

    Android Training
    Android Training in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  75. Great Article… I love to read your articles because your writing style is too good, its is very very helpful for all of us and I never get bored while reading your article because, they are becomes a more and more interesting from the starting lines until the end.
    python training in chennai
    python training in Bangalore
    Python training institute in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  76. Great Article… I love to read your articles because your writing style is too good, its is very very helpful for all of us and I never get bored while reading your article because, they are becomes a more and more interesting from the starting lines until the end.
    DevOps online Training
    Best Devops Training institute in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  77. It has been simply incredibly generous with you to provide openly what exactly many individuals would’ve marketed for an eBook to end up making some cash for their end, primarily given that you could have tried it in the event you wanted.
    industrial safety course in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  78. It's really a nice experience to read your post. Thank you for sharing this useful information. If you are looking for more about R Programming Course Fees | R Language training in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  79. Amazing article. Your blog helped me to improve myself in many ways thanks for sharing this kind of wonderful informative blogs in live. I have bookmarked more article from this website. Such a nice blog you are providing ! Kindly Visit Us Big data course fees | hadoop training in chennai velachery | hadoop training course fees in chennai | Hadoop Training in Chennai Omr

    ReplyDelete
  80. The article contain a lot of great information.
    Click Here

    ReplyDelete
  81. Thanks for the valuable information and insights you have so provided here... Android gaming

    ReplyDelete
  82. Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thanks a lot for a tremendous post and an all-round exciting blog (I also love the theme/design)
    safety course in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  83. hi, nice information is given in this blog. Thanks for sharing this type of information, it is so useful for me. nice work keep it up. best digital marketing company in delhi

    ReplyDelete
  84. Very nice post here thanks for it .I always like and such a super contents of these post.Excellent and very cool idea and great content of different kinds of the valuable information's.

    machine learning Course in chennai

    machine learning with python course in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  85. I truly appreciate this blog article.Really looking forward to read more. Much obliged.

    ReplyDelete
  86. You truly did more than visitors’ expectations. Thank you for rendering these helpful, trusted, edifying and also cool thoughts on the topic to Kate.safety course in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  87. Good Post! Thank you so much for sharing this pretty post, it was so good to read and useful to improve my knowledge as updated one, keep blogging…industrial safety course in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  88. You have provided a nice article, Thank you very much for this one. And I hope this will be useful for many people. And I am waiting for your next post keep on updating these kinds of knowledgeable things.
    French Classes in Chennai
    Big Data Training in Chennai
    Android Training in Chennai
    Selenium Training in Chennai
    JAVA Training in Chennai
    German Classes in chennai
    PHP Training in Chennai
    Best PHP training in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  89. Very nice post here thanks for it .I always like and such a super contents of these post.Excellent and very cool idea and great content of different kinds of the valuable information's.

    Machine learning training in chennai
    machine learning course fees in chennai
    machine learning training center in chennai
    machine learning with python course in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  90. Thanks for such a great article here. I was searching for something like this for quite a long time and at last, I’ve found it on your blog. It was definitely interesting for me to read about their market situation nowadays.angularjs best training center in chennai | angularjs training in velachery | angularjs training in chennai best angularjs training institute in chennai

    ReplyDelete
  91. Thanks For sharing Your information The Information Shared Is Very Valuable Please Keep updating Us Time Just Went On Redaing The Article Python Online Course Devops Online Course Data Science Online Course Aws Science Online Course

    ReplyDelete
  92. download ePSXe Apk
    EPSXE APK:- EPSXE is a Playstation emulator which is available for Android users. This EPSXE was a very popular port for pc. EPSXE has many superlative

    ReplyDelete
  93. Inspiring writings and I greatly admired what you have to say , I hope you continue to provide new ideas for us all and greetings success always for you.
    Keep update more information..
    oneplus mobile service centre in chennai
    oneplus mobile service centre
    oneplus service center near me
    oneplus service
    oneplus service centres in chennai
    oneplus service center velachery
    oneplus service center in vadapalani

    ReplyDelete
  94. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  95. Thank you for sharing your article. Great efforts put it to find the list of articles which is very useful to know.
    web development company
    social media marketing company

    ReplyDelete
  96. Nowadays it's very important to speak English through which you can present yourself very confidently in a crowd. So come and register yourself at best english speaking training course in delhi.
    best english speaking training course in delhi

    ReplyDelete
  97. Awesome blog. Enjoyed reading this article. Very useful information. Thank you

    ExcelR Data Science Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  98. After reading your article I was amazed. I know that you explain it very well. And I hope that other readers will also experience how I feel after reading your article.
    date analytics certification training courses
    data science courses training
    data analytics certification courses in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  99. I am really enjoying reading your well written articles. It looks like you spend a lot of effort and time on your blog. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work.
    what are solar panel and how to select best one
    learn about iphone X
    top 7 best washing machine
    iphone XR vs XS max
    Samsung a90



    ReplyDelete
  100. Aptron Gurgaon gives ongoing and situation centered Hadoop preparing in Gurgaon . Our Hadoop course incorporates essential to cutting edge level and our Hadoop course is intended to get the situation in great MNC organizations in Gurgaon as fast as once you complete the Hadoop affirmation instructional class.
    For More Info:- Hadoop course in gurgaon

    ReplyDelete
  101. This is a wonderful article, Given so much info in it, These type of articles keeps the users interest in the website, and keep on sharing more ... good luck.
    www.technewworld.in
    How to Start A blog 2019
    Eid AL ADHA

    ReplyDelete
  102. We at SysAppPro give SAP HR preparing in Gurgaon. Our SAP HR Training focuses consummately furnished with all the required offices like lab, homerooms, meeting lobby and that's only the tip of the iceberg. We energize our SAP HR understudies to show up for accreditation at end of their course.

    For More Info:- SAP HR Course in Gurgaon

    ReplyDelete

  103. I have to search sites with relevant information on given topic and provide them to teacher our opinion and the article.
    Thank you for your post, I look for such article along time, today i find it finally. this post give me lots of advise it is very useful for me.
    It should be noted that whilst ordering papers for sale at paper writing service, you can get unkind attitude. In case you feel that the bureau is trying to cheat you, don't buy term paper from it.
    Data Science Courses

    ReplyDelete
  104. You made such an interesting piece to read, giving every subject enlightenment for us to gain knowledge. Thanks for sharing the such information with us

    ReactJS Online Training

    ReplyDelete
  105. After reading your article I was amazed. I know that you explain it very well. And I hope that other readers will also experience how I feel after reading your article.
    pmp certification malaysia

    ReplyDelete
  106. After reading your article I was amazed. I know that you explain it very well. And I hope that other readers will also experience how I feel after reading your article.
    pmp certification malaysia

    ReplyDelete
  107. i am really happy to say it’s an interesting post to read . I learn new information from your article , you are doing a great job . Keep it up.
    How to write best comment that approve fast

    ReplyDelete
  108. FLOETEA IS AN INNOVATIVE Iced_tea PRODUCT MADE FROM NATURAL TEA LEAVES
    IT IS A Healthy_iced_tea , LOW CALORIE, LOW CARB soft_drink WITH NATURAL LEMON FLAVOR
    FLOETEA ZERO IS A DELICIOUS, HEALTHY sugar_free_drink ICED TEA DRINK MADE FROM NATURAL TEA Leaves.
    .And this is a Healthy_soft_drink .

    try this healthy_drink to keep your body healthy

    try this yummy Iced_tea you will love it.

    this tea is Healthy_iced_tea complete tasty,

    this tea is fullysugar_free_drink and awesome.

    try this new soft_drink and feel the taste.

    this tea is Healthy_soft_drink which is very healthy.

    visit this site and know more about floetea.

    ReplyDelete
  109. Car Maintenance Tips That You Must Follow


    For everyone who owns it, Car Maintenance Tips need to know.
    Where the vehicle is currently needed by everyone in the world to
    facilitate work or to be stylish.
    You certainly want the vehicle you have always been in maximum
    performance. It would be very annoying if your vehicle isn’t even
    comfortable when driving.
    Therefore to avoid this you need to know Vehicle Maintenance Tips or Car Tips
    Buy New Car visit this site to know more.

    wanna Buy New Car visit this site.
    you dont know about Car Maintenance see in this site.
    wanna know about Car Tips click here.
    know more about Hot car news in here.

    ReplyDelete
  110. Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this kind of information and enjoyed reading this one. Keep posting. Thanks for sharing.
    machine learning course malaysia

    ReplyDelete
  111. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  112. A good blog always comes-up with new and exciting information and while reading I have feel that this blog is really have all those quality that qualify a blog to be a one.
    data science course

    ReplyDelete
  113. Every business these days need to collect data at every point of the manufacturing and sales process to understand the journey of the product.
    This may include applications, clicks, interactions, and so many other details related to the business process which can help define goals in a better way.
    Therefore, we bring you the list of benefits which you can reap with the use of Digital Marketing Course in Sydney in your process of management.
    every business has a single reason for which the interaction of the customer and the seller is established and it is the product to be sold. Therefore, it is very crucial
    that you must add relevance to your product by understanding the needs of the customers with the addition of features and design improvements which can make your product a
    perfect fit for the target audience. This can be easily achieved with the right interpretation skills which you can only get with Data Analytics Certification.

    ReplyDelete




  114. Thank you so much for sharing the article. Really I get many valuable information from the article
    With our Digital Marketing Training, re-discover your creative instinct to design significant
    marketing strategies to promote a product/service related to any organization from any business sector.

    Digital Marketing Course


    ReplyDelete
  115. Tech Gadgets reviews and latest Tech and Gadgets news updates, trends, explore the facts, research, and analysis covering the digital world.
    You will see Some Tech reviews below,

    lg bluetooth headset : You will also wish to keep design and assorted features in mind. The most essential part of the design here is the buttonsof lg bluetooth headset .

    Fastest Car in the World : is a lot more than the usual number. Nevertheless, non-enthusiasts and fans alike can’t resist the impulse to brag or estimate according to specifications. Fastest Car in the World click here to know more.

    samsung galaxy gear : Samsung will undoubtedly put a great deal of time and even more cash into courting developers It is looking for partners and will allow developers to try out
    different sensors and software. It is preparing two variants as they launched last year. samsung galaxy gear is very use full click to know more.

    samsung fridge : Samsung plans to supply family-oriented applications like health care programs and digital picture frames along with games It should stick with what they know and they
    do not know how to produce a quality refrigerator that is worth what we paid. samsung fridge is very usefull and nice product. clickcamera best for travel: Nikon D850: Camera It may be costly, but if you’re trying to find the very best camera you can purchase at this time, then Nikon’s gorgeous DX50 DSLR will
    probably mark each box. The packaging is in a vibrant 45.4-megapixel full-frame detector, the picture quality is simply wonderful. However, this is just half the story. Because of a complex 153-point AF system along with a brst rate of 9 frames per minute. camera best specification. click here to know more.

    visit https://techgadgets.expert/ this site to know more.

    ReplyDelete
  116. Kaamil Traning is fastly growing Training Center in Qatar
    that aims to provide Value through Career Linked training, Professional Development Programs, Producing Top Notch
    Professionals, Provide Bright Career Path. Kaamil Training Leveraging best-in-class global alliances and strategic partnerships with Alluring Class rooms, Great Learning
    Environment. The toppers study with us and market leaders will be your instructors.
    At Kaamil Training our focus is to make sure you have all the knowledge and exam technique you need to achieve your
    ACCA Course in Qatar qualification. Our core objective is to help you
    pass your exams and our ability to do this is demonstrated by our exceptional pass rates.

    ReplyDelete
  117. Digital Marketing can be defined as a unique marketing strategy that is implemented in digital platforms through Internet Medium to reach the target audience. When compared to traditional marketing, search analytics gives you an extra edge in Digital Marketing. Analytics empowers the business to analyse the success in their business strategies and provides the required data to modify the strategies to suit the market requirements and improve ROI.

    Digital Marketing Course
    Digital Marketing Course in Sydney

    ReplyDelete
  118. encoder

    We are an MRO parts supplier with a very large inventory. We ship parts to all the countries in the world, usually by DHL AIR. You are suggested to make payments online. And we will send you the tracking number once the order is shipped.

    ReplyDelete
  119. How to stop smoking weed ???

    1.Do you want to know How to stop smoking weed or have you been wondering of how to get your dear one to stop smoking weed ?
    Every weed smoker knows deep down that quitting the behavior is an uphill task. And some people don`t know How to quit smoking weed .. They should
    Know How to quit smoking weed by visiting in this https://irvined.co.uk/ website.

    2.Long-term marijuana users may find the withdrawal experience uncomfortable. Marijuana detox helps one to slowly ease off of THC
    until it is completely eliminated from the body system. Marijuana detox also helps to reduce withdrawal symptoms thus making it
    easier for even highly addicted individuals to make full about turn in their weed smoking habits (avoiding relapse).

    3.The decision to stop smoking weed is usually impulsive for many individuals. If you have smoked pot long enough, you probably have plenty of memories
    where you did something and swore to yourself to stop your weed smoking habit going forward. And if you don`t know How to stop smoking pot ...
    Then visit https://irvined.co.uk/ here to know more.

    4.Quitting marijuana will give you the chance to become more responsible and set you in the right direction to progress in your life.
    And the good thing is that you don’t have to try quitting on your own now. ‘ Quit Marijuana The Complete Pack ’ is just a click away at a very affordable price.
    See more details about the guide and current purchase offers at https://quit-weed.com/. You can do this. Regardless of how long you have smoked pot or used marijuana
    in other ways, the quit marijuana pack offers you robust support to ensure that you achieve your goals. To know more information visit https://irvined.co.uk/ here.

    ReplyDelete
  120. It is really an awesome blog. Thank you very much for sharing this.

    Website Designing Company

    ReplyDelete
  121. Great post! I am actually getting ready to across this information, is very helpful my friend. Also great blog here with all of the valuable information you have. Keep up the good work you are doing here.
    Advertising Agency
    3d Animation Services
    Branding services
    Web Design Services in Chennai
    Advertising Company in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  122. It is the best blog I have read today. It has very good information with Images, thank you friend to give such a useful infomation. I really like it. We provides CCNA Training in Noida, CCNP Training Noida, CCIE online Classes in Noida, Palo Alto Training Noida, CCNA Cyber Security Training in Noida, Checkpoint Training Noida etc.

    ReplyDelete
  123. Thank you for your post. This is excellent information. It is amazing and wonderful to visit your site.hadoop training institutes in bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  124. Thank you so much for the great and very beneficial stuff that you have shared with the world.

    Bangalore Training Academy located in Bangalore, is one of the best Workday Training institute with 100% Placement support. Workday Training in Bangalore provided by Workday Certified Experts and real-time Working Professionals with handful years of experience in real time Workday Projects.

    ReplyDelete
  125. Enjoyed reading the article above, really explains everything in detail, the article is very interesting and effective. Thank you and good luck…

    Became An Expert In Selenium ! Learn from experienced Trainers and get the knowledge to crack a coding interview, @Softgen Infotech Located in BTM Layout.

    ReplyDelete
  126. I am happy for sharing on this blog its awesome blog I really impressed. thanks for sharing. Great efforts.

    Learn SAP Training from the Industry Experts we bridge the gap between the need of the industry. Softgen Infotech provide the Best SAP ABAP Training in Bangalore with 100% Placement Assistance. Book a Free Demo Today.

    ReplyDelete
  127. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has propelled more programming architects, information scientists, and different experts to investigate the plausibility of a vocation in machine learning. Notwithstanding, a few newcomers will in general spotlight a lot on hypothesis and insufficient on commonsense application. Machine Learning Final Year Projects In case you will succeed, you have to begin building machine learning projects in the near future.

    Projects assist you with improving your applied ML skills rapidly while allowing you to investigate an intriguing point. Furthermore, you can include projects into your portfolio, making it simpler to get a vocation, discover cool profession openings, and Final Year Project Centers in Chennai even arrange a more significant compensation.


    Data analytics is the study of dissecting crude data so as to make decisions about that data. Data analytics advances and procedures are generally utilized in business ventures to empower associations to settle on progressively Python Training in Chennai educated business choices. In the present worldwide commercial center, it isn't sufficient to assemble data and do the math; you should realize how to apply that data to genuine situations such that will affect conduct. In the program you will initially gain proficiency with the specialized skills, including R and Python dialects most usually utilized in data analytics programming and usage; Python Training in Chennai at that point center around the commonsense application, in view of genuine business issues in a scope of industry segments, for example, wellbeing, promoting and account.

    ReplyDelete
  128. Such a great word which you use in your article and article is amazing knowledge. thank you for sharing it.

    Looking for SAP HANA ADMIN Training in Bangalore, learn from eTechno Soft Solutions SAP HANA ADMIN Training on online training and classroom training. Join today!

    ReplyDelete
  129. I am genuinely thankful to the holder of this web page who has shared this wonderful paragraph at at this place

    Certification of Data Science
    Big Data Analytics Malaysia
    Data Analytics Course Malaysia

    ReplyDelete
  130. reat post!I am actually getting ready to across this information,i am very happy to this commands.Also great blog here with all of the valuable information you have.Well done,its a great knowledge.

    sap hr courses in bangalore

    sap hr classes in bangalore

    sap hr training institute in bangalore

    sap hr course syllabus

    best sap hr training

    sap hr training centers

    sap hr training in bangalore

    ReplyDelete